![]() Most discussions about leaders and leadership from antiquity through the 1970s focused on men, with minimal discussion of women as leaders or gender and leadership. But, the scholarly study of leadership dates back only about 80 years, when social psychologist Kurt Lewin and his students began studying group dynamics and differentiated among authoritarian, democratic, and laissez‐faire leadership styles. Essays and discussions of leaders and leadership have appeared during the past several centuries. Discussions of leaders and leadership appear as far back as Homer's Iliad and in religious texts, including the Old Testament, New Testament, Bhagavad Gita, and Koran. Leadership has been a part of human experience since people formed groups to survive threats from the environment, dangerous animals, and other groups of people work cooperatively to achieve goals beyond the abilities of individuals and create families and various social groups to satisfy affiliative needs. It is the goal of this chapter to lay out the issues that educators of leaders, potential leaders, and “practicing” leaders should be aware of, to achieve success for the good of the groups and individuals they have the responsibility to lead. The present chapter uses this conceptual framework of leadership to discuss how consideration of gender may affect and optimize leadership development and effectiveness. The FourCe‐PITO conceptual framework of leadership is designed to help guide leadership development and education. ![]() Gender must be considered to determine how each leader can reach maximum potential and effectiveness. Women and men have been, are, and should be leaders. The topic of gender and leadership deserves serious and thoughtful consideration and discussion because of professional, political, cultural, and personal realities of the twenty‐first century. Gender is one such variable that must be examined with regard to optimizing leadership effectiveness. It is important to understand variables relevant to effective leadership. ![]() Yet, it is only within the past 80 years that leadership has been a topic of serious discussion. ![]() The topic of leadership has been addressed and applied for millennia. ![]()
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